Books

In what is today Malaysia, the British established George Town or Penang Island in 1786, and encouraged Chinese merchants and laborers to migrate to this vibrant trading port.  In the multicultural urban settlement that developed, the Chinese immigrants organized their social life through community temples like the Guanyin Temple (Kong Hok Place) and their secret sworn brotherhoods. These community associations assumed exceptional importance precisely because they were a means to establish a social presence for the Chinese immigrants, to organise their social life, and to display their economic prowess.  The Confucian “cult of memory” also took on new meanings in the early twentieth-century Penang, religious practices and events continued to draw the boundaries of belonging to the idiom of the sacred.

Part I of Rites of Belonging focuses on the conjuncture between Chinese and British in colonial Penang.  Thbe author closely analyses the 1857 Guanyin Temple Riots and conflicts leading to the suppression of the Chinese sworn brotherhoods.  Part II investigates the conjuncture between Chinese and Malays in contemporary Malaysia, and the revitalization in the 1970s and 1980s of Chinese popular religious culture.